Kuva kera, amadini yagize uruhare mu mibereho y’abantu, mu mico no mu buryo imiryango yubakamo amategeko n’indangagaciro. Ariko se, iyo amadini aba atarigeze abaho na rimwe mu mateka y’isi, ubuzima bw’abantu muri iki gihe bwari kuba bumeze bute?.
Abashakashatsi ntibavuga ko hari igisubizo kimwe cyizewe kuri iki kibazo, kuko bidashoboka gukora ubushakashatsi bwagerageza gutuma isi ibaho nk’aho itigeze igira idini.
Icyakora, ubushakashatsi ku miryango isanzwe ibamo abantu batagira idini ndetse n’ubushakashatsi ku mateka y’amadini bushobora gutanga ishusho y’ibintu bishoboka.
Mu bushakashatsi bwa Pew Research Center bwasohotse mu 2025, abashakashatsi basesenguye amakuru aturuka ku barenga 2,700 bavuye mu ibarura rusange, ubushakashatsi ku baturage n’andi makuru ya demografiya, bagera ku mibare y’amadini ku isi mu 2010 no mu 2020.
Basanze mu 2020 Abakirisitu bari hafi miliyari 2.3, Abayisilamu hafi miliyari 2.0, mu gihe abantu batagira idini runaka bari bageze kuri miliyari 1.9, bangana na 24.2% by’abatuye isi.
Ibi ubwabyo bitanga isomo rikomeye: kuba hari abantu batagira idini ntibivuze ko abantu batagira imyemerere cyangwa indangagaciro; ahubwo isi isanzwe ifite imiryango minini y’abantu batagirana isano n’idini runaka.
Idini ryaba ryarasimbuye iki?
Abashakashatsi ku mibanire y’abantu bagaragaza ko iyo umuryango ugenda uba uw’isi, bimwe mu bikorwa byahoze bifitwe n’amadini bishobora kuba ibyo mu mategeko, inzego za Leta, amashuri, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n’andi mashyirahamwe.
Ibi bivuze ko mu isi itagira amadini, ntabwo byahita bivuga ko abantu baba badafite amategeko cyangwa imyitwarire myiza.
Abantu bashoboraga gukomeza gushyiraho amategeko ababuza kwicana, kwiba, guhohotera abandi cyangwa kubangamira uburenganzira bwa mugenzi wabo, bakoresheje impamvu zishingiye ku mibereho rusange, filozofiya, uburenganzira bwa muntu cyangwa inyungu z’umuryango.
Ariko hari ikintu idini ryagiye rikora kirenze amasengesho
Ubushakashatsi buheruka ku ruhare rw’idini mu kubaka amahoro bugaragaza ko uburyo bw’imyemerere n’imihango bishobora gufasha abantu kwiyumvamo ko ari itsinda rimwe, gukorana no kubahiriza amahame basangiye.
Ubushakashatsi bw’ubumenyi bw’imitekerereze n’imyitwarire bwagaragaje ko idini rishobora kugira uruhare mu guhuza abantu no kubaka ubufatanye burenze umuryango muto cyangwa abo bafitanye isano. Ariko abashakashatsi banagaragaza ko ubwo buryo bumwe bushobora gukoreshwa no mu gusobanura cyangwa gukaza amakimbirane, bitewe n’uko imyemerere ikoreshwa.
Ni ukuvuga ko, iyo amadini atabaho, icyo cyuho cy’ubusabane n’imyitwarire rusange cyari kugira uburyo runaka bwo kuzuzwa, ariko nta bushakashatsi bushobora kwemeza neza uburyo isi yari kubigenza.
Ese intambara zari kuba nke?
Iki ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye cyane. Hari abashakashatsi bagiye bashakisha isano iri hagati y’idini n’amakimbirane, ariko ubushakashatsi ntibutanga igisubizo cyoroshye ngo “idini ritera intambara” cyangwa ngo “idini ririnda intambara.”
Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe muri Social Cognition buvuga ko ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwabonye ibimenyetso bivuguruzanya, aho idini rimwe na rimwe ryagiye rigira uruhare mu kugabanya amakimbirane, ahandi rikagira uruhare mu kuyongera. Abanditsi bavuga ko imyumvire y’imyitwarire n’uko abantu biyumva nk’itsinda ari bimwe mu bifasha gusobanura iyo sano igoye.
Bityo rero, kuvuga ngo “iyo amadini atabaho intambara zose zari kuba zarashize” ntibishingira ku bimenyetso bihagije. Amateka agaragaza ko abantu bashobora kurwanira ubutegetsi, ubutaka, umutungo, ubwoko, politiki cyangwa inyungu z’ibihugu, hatabayeho ko idini ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru.
None se abantu bari kugira indangagaciro?
Birashoboka cyane. Ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati y’imyitwarire myiza n’idini bugaragaza ko mu bihugu bigenda biba sekulari (imyumvire cyangwa uburyo bw’imiyoborere butandukanya idini n’ibikorwa bya Leta n’imyanzuro rusange y’umuryango), imyitwarire n’idini bishobora gutandukana, kuko amategeko n’izindi nzego z’umuryango zigenda zifata zimwe mu nshingano idini ryahoze rifite mu kugena imyitwarire n’imibanire.
Bityo, isi itagira idini ntiyari kuba isi idafite “icyiza n’ikibi.” Abantu bashoboraga kugira amategeko n’amahame agenga ubuzima bwabo. Ikibazo cyari kuba aho ayo mahame akomoka, uko yumvikanwaho n’uko yubahirizwa.
Ikindi cyari guhinduka: umuco n’amateka
Iyo amadini atabaho, ibintu byinshi bigize umuco w’abantu muri iki gihe na byo byari kuba bitandukanye. Ubuhanzi, inyubako, imigenzo, indirimbo, iminsi mikuru, ubuvanganzo n’ibitekerezo byinshi byagiye bibyarwa cyangwa bigatera imbere bifitanye isano n’imyemerere y’amadini.
Ntabwo bivuze ko ubuhanzi cyangwa umuco bitari kubaho, ahubwo ibyo bintu byari kugira indi nzira byanyuramo kandi bikaba bishoboka ko byaba bifite indi shusho.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ko idini rishobora gufasha abantu guhangana n’agahinda, guhangayika n’ibibazo by’ubuzima, cyane cyane binyuze mu kwizera, kugira intego y’ubuzima, ibyiringiro no kubona ubufasha bw’umuryango w’abasangiye ukwemera.
Isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi 152 bwakurikiranye abantu mu gihe runaka ryasanze hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyabwo cyarabonye isano hagati y’imyemerere/ubuzima bw’idini n’igabanuka ry’ibimenyetso by’agahinda gakabije, nubwo ingaruka zabonetse zari nke kandi ubushakashatsi bukaba bwari butandukanye.
Hari n’isuzuma ry’ubushakashatsi 444 ryasanze abarenga 60% bagaragaza ko abantu bafite uruhare rukomeye mu myemerere n’imigenzo y’idini bagira ibimenyetso bike by’agahinda gakabije cyangwa bagakira vuba, ariko abashakashatsi banagaragaza ko idini rimwe na rimwe rishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku muntu, urugero iyo rimushyizeho umutwaro w’ikibazo cy’icyaha cyangwa kwicira urubanza bikabije.
Bityo, akamaro gakomeye k’amadini si ugusenga gusa: afasha bamwe kubona ibyiringiro, intego, ihumure, umuryango ubashyigikira n’uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibibazo. Ariko si ukuvuga ko umuntu wese uri mu idini atagira agahinda cyangwa ko umuntu utari mu idini agomba kugira agahinda; ubushakashatsi bwerekana isano rusange, si itegeko rireba buri muntu.
Ikindi kandi, imibare ya Pew igaragaza ko n’uyu munsi abantu batagira idini ari benshi cyane: mu 2020 bari hafi miliyari 1.9, kandi bariyongereye kuva kuri miliyari 1.6 mu 2010.
Bityo, kugira ngo umuntu atekereze ku isi idafite amadini, hari aho yashobora kurebera ku miryango ifite umubare munini w’abantu batagira idini, ariko ntabwo ibyo bihagije kugira ngo tuvuge uko isi yose yari kuba imeze iyo idini ritigera ribaho na rimwe.
Ikintu ubushakashatsi bwemeje neza ni uko idini atari ryo ryonyine rishobora gutuma abantu bagira amategeko, imyitwarire, ubufatanye cyangwa umuco, kuko hari imiryango itagira idini ikomeza kubaho ikoresheje amategeko, inzego za Leta, filozofiya n’izindi ndangagaciro.
