Igitabo cya Henoki ni inyandiko ya kera itari mu bitabo bya Bibiliya byemewe n’imigenzo myinshi y’Abayahudi n’Abakristo.

Hari inyandiko ya kera ikomeje gutera amatsiko abashakashatsi n’abasomyi bashaka kumenya byinshi ku mateka y’inyandiko z’Abayahudi: Igitabo cya Henoki, kizwi mu bushakashatsi nka 1 Enoch, cyangwa First Book of Enoch.

Ni inyandiko ikubiyemo inkuru z’abamarayika, ibihangange, urubanza rw’Imana, amayerekwa ya Henoki n’ingendo ze mu bice bitandukanye by’ijuru n’isi nk’uko iyo nyandiko ibivuga.

Ariko ikibazo gikomeye ni iki: kuki igitabo gifite izi nkuru zitangaje kitari muri Bibiliya nyinshi abantu basanzwe bazi? Ese cyigeze kuba muri Bibiliya maze gikurwamo? Cyangwa se amateka y’urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe yari atandukanye cyane n’uko rimwe na rimwe bivugwa? Igisubizo kirushaho kuba gishimishije iyo urebye amateka yacyo.

Nka Paradise, nyuma yo gukora inkuru ivuga ngo Kuki Igitabo cya Henoki cyakuwe muri Bibiliya? Cyari guhahamura imitima y’abatuye isi bose! abantu bakayishimira kandi bagatanga ibitekerezo bisaba ibirenzeho, twifuje gukora inkuru z’uruhererekane zizagaruka ku bikubiye muri iki gitabo kiryoheye amatwi y’umusomyi, ariko kikaba cyatera umuntu ubwoba kuko kirimo ibintu bishya abenshi batamenyereye mu nkuru.

Twashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa kaminuza n’inyandiko za R. H. Charles; harimo na Book of Watchers 1–36.

Igitabo cya Henoki cyaturutse he?

Abashakashatsi ntibabona 1 Enoch nk’igitabo cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe ku gihe kimwe. Ahubwo ni ikusanyirizo ry’ibice bitandukanye byagiye byandikwa mu bihe bitandukanye, bigahurizwa hamwe mu nyandiko ubu izwi nka 1 Enoch.

Umushakashatsi George W. E. Nickelsburg avuga ko 1 Enoch ari ikusanyirizo ry’inyandiko eshanu z’Abayahudi zanditswe mu rurimi rw’Icyarameyi mu bihe bya kera, hanyuma inyandiko yose ikaba yarabitswe yuzuye mu rurimi rwa Ge’ez, irimo ibice 108.

Ibi byabaye mu gihe cyiswe Second Temple Judaism, bisobanura idini ry’Abayahudi mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa Kabiri.

Ikindi gitangaje ni uko ibice bya 1 Enoch byabonetse mu Mizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, cyane cyane mu mizingo yabonetse i Qumran. Ibi ni ingenzi kuko bitanga gihamya y’uko inyandiko za Henoki n’imigenzo ijyanye na yo byari bizwi n’Abayahudi ba kera mbere y’igihe cy’Ubukristo.

Ubushakashatsi bwo kuri Book of Watchers bugaragaza ko igice cya 1–36 ari kimwe mu bice bya kera cyane by’imigenzo ya Henoki, kandi ko ibice bya kera byanditswe mu Cyarameyi nyuma bigahindurwa mu Kigiriki no muri Ge’ez.

Kugeza ubu, inyandiko yuzuye ya 1 Enoch tuyifite mu rurimi rwa Ge’ez, mu gihe ibice byayo bya kera cyane biboneka mu Cyarameyi no mu Kigiriki.

Kuki kitari muri Bibiliya?

Hari imvugo nyinshi zakwirakwijwe ivuga ko “Igitabo cya Henoki cyakuwe muri Bibiliya” cyangwa ko hari abantu bagikuyemo kugira ngo abantu batamenya amabanga akomeye arimo. Ariko amateka ntabwo yoroshye gutyo.

Nta gihamya y’amateka yerekana ko hari akanama kamwe kahuriye hamwe ku munsi umwe kagafata Igitabo cya Henoki kakagisohora muri Bibiliya. Ahubwo urutonde rw’ibitabo byafatwaga nk’Ibyanditswe rwagiye rugira amateka maremare kandi rutandukanye hagati y’imigenzo y’Abayahudi n’amatorero ya Gikristo.

1 Enoch kandi ni inyandiko yitirirwa Henoki uvugwa mu Itangiriro, ariko abashakashatsi ntibemera ko Henoki wo mu Itangiriro ari we wanditse igitabo uko tugifite uyu munsi.

Iyi nyandiko rero ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’inyandiko zitirirwa abantu ba kera kugira ngo ubutumwa bwazo buhabwe ijwi ry’umuntu w’ingenzi wo mu mateka yera.

Hari ikindi kintu gitangaje: Ibaruwa ya Yuda 14–15 mu Isezerano Rishya ihuye cyane na 1 Enoch 1:9. Ubushakashatsi bugezweho buracyiga neza uburyo Yuda yakoresheje uwo murongo w’imigenzo ya Henoki.

Ibi rero bitwereka ko imigenzo ya Henoki yari izwi cyane mu isi y’Abayahudi n’Abakristo ba mbere. Ariko kuba Yuda yarakoresheje uwo murongo ntibihita bivuga ko 1 Enoch yose ifatwa nk’Ibyanditswe byera na buri torero cyangwa buri muryango w’Abakristo.

Ibice bigize Igitabo cya Henoki

Mu buryo busanzwe bw’abashakashatsi, 1 Enoch igabanywamo ibice bitanu by’ingenzi: Book of Watchers, Henoki 1–36, ni Igitabo cy’Abarinzi, kivuga cyane ku bamarayika bigometse, ibihangange n’urubanza rw’Imana;

Book of Parables, Henoki 37–71, ni Igitabo cy’Imigani, gikubiyemo amayerekwa n’ubutumwa bw’urubanza, Umwana w’Umuntu n’iherezo ry’abagome;

Book of the Luminaries/Astronomical Book, Henoki 72–82, ni Igitabo cy’Imibumbe yo mu Ijuru, gisobanura uko izuba, ukwezi, inyenyeri n’ibihe bigenda hakurikijwe gahunda y’ijuru;

Dream Visions, Henoki 83–90, ni Igitabo cy’Amayerekwa y’Inzozi, kirimo amayerekwa Henoki yabonye ku mateka y’abantu n’ibizabaho; naho Epistle of Enoch, Henoki 91–105, ni Ibaruwa ya Henoki, ikubiyemo inyigisho, imiburo ku bakiranirwa n’ubutumwa bujyanye n’urubanza n’igihembo cy’abakiranutsi. Hari kandi ibindi bice by’inyongera, birimo Ivuka rya Nowa n’umusozo w’igitabo.

Ariko iyi nkuru ya mbere ntiri bujye mu bindi bice. Turibanda kuri Henoki 1–36, ari cyo gice kizwi nka Book of Watchers — Igitabo cy’Abarinzi.

Abamarayika bamanuka ku isi

Igice cya mbere cya Henoki ubwacyo kigabanywamo ibice bitatu by’ingenzi: Henoki 1–5, intangiriro ivuga ku rubanza; Henoki 6–16, inkuru y’Abarinzi n’ibyo bakoze; hanyuma Henoki 17–36 hakavuga ku ngendo n’amayerekwa ya Henoki.

Inkuru ikomeye itangira muri Henoki 6. Aha rero iyo tuvuga “Henoki 6”, ntituba tuvuga igice cya gatandatu cy’Igitabo cya Henoki. Tuba tuvuga umutwe wa 6 uri imbere mu gice cya mbere, kuko igice cya mbere kigera kuri Henoki 36.

Muri Henoki 6, havugwa Abarinzi (Watchers), abamarayika babonye abakobwa b’abantu maze bakabagirira irari. Henoki 6:1–2 hagira hati: “Abantu bamaze kwiyongera ku isi, muri iyo minsi havuka abakobwa beza kandi bashimishije. Abarinzi, abana bo mu ijuru, bababonye barabifuza.”

Ayo magambo ni yo atangiza inkuru ikomeye y’Abarinzi bamanuka bakava mu ijuru bakajya ku isi. Abamarayika 200 bavugwa muri iyo nkuru bafata icyemezo cyo kumanuka ku isi.

Umuyobozi wabo avugwa nka Shemihazah cyangwa Semjaza, bitewe n’uburyo izina ryanditswe mu nyandiko zitandukanye. Bagiye ku musozi wa Herumoni, maze barahirira hamwe ko bazakomeza uwo mugambi.

Aha ni ho Igitabo cya Henoki gifata inkuru ngufi yo mu Itangiriro 6:1–4 kikayagura cyane. Aho Itangiriro rivuga mu magambo make iby’“abana b’Imana” n’abakobwa b’abantu, Henoki yo itanga ibisobanuro birambuye kuri bo abo bana b’Imana bari bo, ibyo bakoze n’ingaruka zabyo. Abashakashatsi basobanura Henoki 6–11 nk’inkuru yagura kandi igasobanura iyo nkuru yo mu Itangiriro.

Ibihangange bivuka

Abarinzi bafata abagore b’abantu, bakabyarana abana bavugwa nk’ibihangange.

Inkuru ikomeza ivuga ko ibyo bihangange byatangiye kurya ibyo isi yari itunze, nyuma urugomo rugakwira ku isi. Ibi ni ingenzi kuko inkuru ya Henoki ihuza ibintu bitatu: kwigomeka kw’abamarayika, kuvuka kw’ibihangange, ndetse no gukwirakwira kw’ibikorwa by’urugomo ku isi.

Ni muri uwo murongo kandi Henoki atangira gusobanura impamvu Imana yateganyije urubanza rukomeye.

Ubumenyi Abarinzi bigisha abantu

Ariko ikintu gituma iyi nkuru irushaho gutera amatsiko ni uko Abarinzi batagarukira ku kubonana n’abagore b’abantu gusa. Henoki 8 ivuga ko bamwe muri bo bigishije abantu ibintu bitandukanye. Kuri Azazel, inyandiko ivuga ko yigishije abantu gukora ibintu bijyanye n’intwaro n’ibyuma.

Henoki 8:1 hagira hati: “Azazel yigishije abantu gukora inkota, ibyuma bito, ingabo n’amakoti y’icyuma, ababwira ibyuma byo mu isi n’uburyo bwo kubitunganya.”

Iyo mirongo ikomeza ivuga ko Azazel yanigishije abantu ibintu bijyanye n’amavuta n’ubwiza, naho abandi Barinzi bakigisha ubumaji, imizi n’ibimera, kuragura no kureba inyenyeri. Henoki 8 ivuga amazina nka Amazarak, Armers, Barkayal, Akibeel, Tamiel na Asaradel, buri wese agahuzwa n’ubumenyi runaka.

Igitabo cya Henoki ntikivuga ko Azazel yigishije abantu intwaro za kirimbuzi cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rya none. Ibyo ni ibisobanuro byaje kugaragara mu nkuru z’iki gihe. Inyandiko ubwayo ivuga inkota, ibyuma, ingabo, amakoti y’icyuma, ubukorikori bw’ibyuma, amarozi, ibimera n’ubumenyi bw’inyenyeri.

Isi yuzura urugomo

Henoki 8:4–9 havuga ko ubwo bumenyi bwakwirakwiriye, ibintu bibi bikiyongera, maze abantu bagatangira gutaka. Henoki 8:9 hagira hati: “Abantu bararimbuka, maze ijwi ryabo rirazamuka rigera mu ijuru.”

Mu gice gikurikiraho, Henoki 9 avuga ko Mikayeli, Gabriyeli, Rafaheli, Suryali na Uriel barebye isi bakabona amaraso menshi yamenetse n’ibikorwa by’ubugome byari bimaze gukwirakwira.

Ni ukuvuga ko mu nkuru ya Henoki, ikibazo cy’Abarinzi kitagarukira ku kuba bararenze imbibi z’ijuru gusa; ibikorwa byabo byagaragajwe nk’ibyagize ingaruka ku bantu no ku isi yose.

Urubanza rutangazwa

Nyuma y’ibyo, Imana itanga amategeko yo guhana Abarinzi n’ingaruka z’ibikorwa byabo. Azazel yahawe igihano cyihariye, mu gihe Shemihazah n’abandi Barinzi na bo bamenyeshejwe ko ibikorwa byabo bitazabura gucirwa urubanza. Aha ni ho Henoki atangirira kugira uruhare rwihariye mu nkuru.

Mu Henoki 12–16, Henoki agaragazwa nk’uwahawe ubutumwa bwo kugeza ku Barinzi ubutumwa bw’urubanza rwabo. Ubushakashatsi bwa kaminuza busobanura iki gice nk’inkuru ikomeza nyuma yo kwigomeka kw’Abarinzi, aho Henoki azamuka akajya mu ijuru kandi agahabwa inshingano yo gutangaza urubanza kuri abo bamarayika bigometse.

Henoki ajya kureba amabanga yo mu ijuru

Kuva kuri Henoki 17 kugeza kuri 36, inkuru ihinduka iyerekwa n’ingendo. Henoki agenda ayobowe n’abamarayika, akabona ahantu hatandukanye h’isi n’ijuru nk’uko inyandiko ibivuga. Abona ahantu h’ibihano, ahantu hateganyirijwe ibiremwa byagomeye Imana, ndetse n’ibindi bintu by’amayobera bigize isanzure ry’inyandiko.

Abashakashatsi basobanura Henoki 17–36 nk’igice cy’ingendo n’izamuka rya Henoki, nyuma y’inkuru y’Abarinzi yo muri Henoki 6–16.

Bityo igice cya mbere ntabwo kirangirira ku nkuru y’abamarayika bamanuka ku isi gusa. Kirangira Henoki amaze kubona byinshi mu byo iyo nyandiko ishyira mu isi y’amayerekwa: ahantu h’urubanza, ibanga ry’ibyaremwe n’ibice bitandukanye by’ijuru n’isi.

Kuki iki gice gishimisha abashakashatsi?

Book of Watchers, Henoki 1–36, ni kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi mu nyandiko za Henoki kuko gikora ikintu gikomeye: gifata inkuru ngufi yo mu Itangiriro 6:1–4, kikayagura kigashyiramo Abarinzi, abamarayika 200, abagore b’abantu, ibihangange, ubumenyi bwigishijwe abantu, urugomo, urubanza n’ingendo za Henoki mu ijuru.

Abashakashatsi nka Nickelsburg na Esler babona iki gice nk’inkuru y’ingenzi ku myumvire ya kera y’uko icyaha no kwangiza byinjiye mu isi.

Kandi kuba ibice bya Henoki byarabonetse mu nyandiko za Qumran bituma iki gice kidafatwa nk’inkuru yahimbwe mu bihe bya vuba. Hari ibimenyetso by’inyandiko za Henoki mu Cyarameyi zanditswe kera cyane.

Igice cya mbere cy’Igitabo cya Henoki, Henoki 1–36, ni inkuru y’isi aho imipaka hagati y’ijuru n’abantu zivugwa: Abarinzi bamanuka ku isi, bakabona abakobwa b’abantu, bakabyarana ibihangange byitwa Abanefili, bamwe bigisha abantu ubumenyi butandukanye, urugomo rukwira ku isi, ijuru rikabona ibyo bikorwa, urubanza rugatangazwa, hanyuma Henoki akajya mu ngendo zidasanzwe zo kubona ibyo isi itagaragaza.

Mu gutegura iyi nkuru, twakoresheje cyane cyane ubushakashatsi bw’abahanga ku nyandiko za Henoki, harimo BYU Studies, ubushakashatsi bwa University of Durham, University of St Andrews, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, ndetse n’inyandiko ya R. H. Charles ya The Book of Enoch.